可见光下Li+/CNTS-TiO2光催化剂降解海洋柴油污染的研究          下载免费PDF全文

于晓彩  王力萍  刘京华  郭美岑  朱婉婷  廖佳琪  吴云英 《海洋学研究》2019,37(1):52-58

通过溶胶-凝胶法,以CNTS-TiO₂为前驱物制备了Li⁺掺杂CNTS-TiO₂的纳米复合光催化剂(以下均称为Li⁺/CNTS-TiO₂),采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等测试手段对光催化剂进行表征,结果表明制得的催化剂为纳米材料且在TiO₂的基础上增大了比表面积。利用掺杂量为3%的Li⁺掺杂CNTS-TiO₂复合光催化剂(以下均称为3%Li⁺/CNTS-TiO₂)光催化降解海洋柴油污染,在可见光条件下考察了Li⁺掺杂量、煅烧温度、光催化剂投加量、柴油初始质量浓度、光催化反应时间、H₂O₂质量浓度等条件对光催化实验的影响。进行正交实验,确定最优化工艺条件为:Li⁺掺杂量为3%,光催化剂的煅烧温度为600 ℃,3%Li⁺/CNTS-TiO₂的投加量为0.1 g/L,降解柴油初始质量浓度为0.4 g/L,光催化反应时间为3 h,H₂O₂质量浓度为0.6 g/L,降解率可以达到95%以上。同时对此光催化剂进行应用试验,试验结果表明光催化剂去除效果优异,去除率可达91.87%。  相似文献   

ESI高影响论文揭示的北极自然科学研究特点     

宁宝英 《冰川冻土》2021,43(1):107-123

在全球气候持续变暖背景下,北极地区冻土退化、冰川退缩、海冰减少等导致了一系列的生态环境问题,同时也使得资源勘探开发与国际新航道开通成为可能,北极地区的重要性日益凸显。依据2009—2019年6月期间有关北极研究的408篇ESI高影响论文,对发文量、主要作者、研究机构、国家、研究方向等字段进行分析,从自然科学角度,宏观而概要地了解北极研究中最具影响力的研究力量、研究领域,为中国的北极研究提供最精要的科研信息整体分析,并通过内容分析揭示北极研究中的重要方面和中国在当前北极研究中存在的问题及或可行的策略途径。分析发现：美国引领并以绝对优势（论文数量、主要作者、机构、资助基金）占据北极研究领域。北极自然科学研究已形成以气候变暖为核心和背景,辐射相关海冰和海洋、生物与典型生态系统（生物多样性适应与保护、北方针叶林、苔原、微生物）、冰川退缩与冻土退化、大气天气与气候系统等领域的整体研究格局,呈现全面推进态势。研究已取得大量进展,研究手段呈现出大数据支持、模型运算为主的显著特征,但“不确定性”几乎渗透在其各个方面。中国以合作参与、外围相关、微量切入的形式开展北极研究,存在多重限制因素,我国或可利用已有冰冻圈研究积累,积极参与各方面研究及数据共建共享,着重北极对中纬度气候影响等与我国社会经济密切相关的领域,从而为提升北极研究的科学话语权、为我国的防灾减灾和生态环境改善提供支持。  相似文献   

基于外部性理论的湿地退化成因分析及对策研究     

肖红叶  房娜娜  戴慧敏  韩晓萌 《地质与资源》2021,30(5):617-622

基于生态经济学中的外部性原理,结合湿地生态系统的准公共物品属性、外部经济性、外部不经济性以及代际外部性等属性,分析湿地退化的成因.结果表明：湿地萎缩加剧、生态服务功能衰退主要是由于人类缺乏对湿地功能与效益的正确认识,以及不合理的利益分配机制导致的成本外溢现象,从事湿地保护的正外部性行为未得到应有的补偿,负外部性行为未付出应有的代价,并提出应建立因地制宜的多元化生态补偿机制.  相似文献   

微生物对地下水中萘的降解特性及动力学研究     

张晟瑀  张朦幻  王利刚  万玉玉 《地学前缘》2021,28(5):146-158

针对我国东北某石油烃污染场地地下水中的萘污染,筛选出了Acinetobacter和Pseudomonas菌属的高效萘降解菌群。该菌群对萘的耐受性较高,且具有良好的乳化性,能够自动调节细胞表面疏水性和自聚集性。不同pH值、萘初始浓度、温度和菌接种量对萘降解效率的影响研究表明:最适菌群生长的pH范围为7.08.0;萘降解效率和速率在1.005.00 mg/L范围内与其初始浓度成正比;在1030 ℃温度范围内均表现出较高的萘降解效率。在此基础上,利用Guass、GuassAmp、LogNomal、Poisson和Pulse数学模型对萘的降解过程进行拟合,其降解速率更符合GuassAmp模型。通过将降解动力学模型中的常数与影响因素相关联,推导出了拟合度较高的多因素影响下的萘降解动力学方程。  相似文献   

Spatiotemporal patterns of tropical deforestation and forest degradation in response to the operation of the Tucuruí hydroelectric dam in the Amazon basin     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2015

The planned construction of hundreds of hydroelectric dams in the Amazon basin has the potential to provide invaluable ‘clean’ energy resources for aiding in securing future regional energy needs and continued economic growth. These mega-structures, however, directly and indirectly interfere with natural ecosystem dynamics, and can cause noticeable tree loss. To improve our understanding of how hydroelectric dams affect the surrounding spatiotemporal patterns of forest disturbances, this case study integrated remote sensing spectral mixture analysis, GIS proximity analysis and statistical hypothesis testing to extract and evaluate spatially-explicit patterns of deforestation (clearing of entire forest patch) and forest degradation (reduced tree density) in the 80,000 km² neighborhoods of the Brazil's Tucuruí Dam, the first large-scale hydroelectric project in the Amazon region, over a period of 25 years from 1988 to 2013. Results show that the average rates of deforestation were consistent during the first three time periods 1988–1995 (620 km² per year), 1995–2001 (591 km² per year), and 2001–2008 (660 km² per year). However, such rate dramatically fell to half of historical levels after 2008, possibly reflecting the 2008 global economic crisis and enforcement of the Brazilian Law of Environmental Crimes. The rate of forest degradation was relatively stable from 1988 to 2013 and, on average, was 17.8% of the rate of deforestation. Deforestation and forest degradation were found to follow similar spatial patterns across the dam neighborhoods, upstream reaches or downstream reaches at the distances of 5 km–80 km, suggesting that small and large-scale forest disturbances may have been influencing each other in the vicinity of the dam. We further found that the neighborhoods of the Tucuruí Dam and the upstream region experienced similar degrees of canopy loss. Such loss was mainly attributed to the fast expansion of the Tucuruí town, and the intensive logging activities alongside major roads in the upstream reservoir region. In contrast, a significantly lower level of forest disturbance was discovered in the downstream region.  相似文献   

Water Role and Its Influence on Hydrogen Isotopic Composition of Natural Gas during Gas Generation     

LI Jijun  LU Shuangfang  WU Wei  XUE Haitao  XU Qingxi  GENG Jie  YU Yinghua 《《地质学报》英文版》2011,85(5):1203-1210

In order to discuss the role and influence of water during the generation of natural gas, the participation mechanism of water during the evolution of organic matter and its influences were summarized. In addition, we carried out an anhydrous cracking experiment of oil extracted from the Feixianguan Formation source rock in a closed system, which led to the establishment of the kinetic models for describing carbon and hydrogen isotopic fractionation during gas generation from organic matter. The models were calibrated and then applied to the northeastern Sichuan Basin. By combining a series of gas generation experiments from octadecane pyrolysis without water or with distilled water in varying mass proportions, several results were proved: (1) the hydrogen isotopic composition of natural gas becomes lighter with the participation of formation water; (2) we can quantitatively study the hydrogen isotopic fractionation with the kinetic model for describing carbon isotopic fractionation; (3) more abundant and reliable geological information can be obtained through the combined application of carbon and hydrogen isotopic indices.  相似文献   

The Impact of Aqueous Medium on Gas Yields and Kinetic Behaviors of Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation during Organic Matter Thermal Degradation     

LU Shuangfang  WANG Min  XUE Haitao  LI Jijun  CHEN Fangwen  XU Qingxia 《《地质学报》英文版》2011,85(6):1466-1477

In order to recognize the impact of aqueous medium on gas yields and the kinetic behaviors of hydrogen isotope fractionation during organic matter thermal degradation, the gold tube apparatus was used to conduct thermal simulation experiments by mixing the nC18 with the water of different properties and proportions. The yields of natural gas components, the relation among hydrogen isotope composition of each component and the experimental temperatures vs. heating rates have been obtained, and the results indicate that under the higher temperature conditions, the hydrous experiment has obvious impact on gas yields, such as when more water is added, higher amounts of hydrocarbon gas and H2 are yielded, and the existence of water obviously prolongs the temperature interval with the existence of heavy hydrocarbon gas. It also shows that the hydrogen isotope of hydrocarbon gas generated by the hydrous experiment is obviously lighter than that generated by the anhydrous experiment, and with the increasing amount of added water, the δD value of hydrocarbon gas gradually decreases. Compared with gas yields, the variation of δD value is more sensitive to aqueous medium in the thermal simulation experiment. However, compared with the amount of the added water, the aqueous medium property has smaller impact on the gas yields, which still shows the inherit effect on hydrogen isotope composition of aqueous medium. Through the model simulation and the isotope fractionation behavior analysis, it is validated that the hydrogen isotope fractionation process can be well described by the chemical kinetic model. The difference of reaction fraction of normal methane and D-containing methane is large, corresponding to the same activation energy. The content of normal methane is obviously higher in the part with lower activation energy, while the content of D-containing methane is higher in the part with higher activation energy. Therefore, it will result in larger hydrogen isotope fractionation amplitude, and the δD values will be more sensitive to the variation of maturity. Meanwhile, the average activation energy of methane generation from nC18 in the hydrous experiment is higher than that in the anhydrous experiment, and the greater amount of added water, the larger the average activation energy of methane generation reaction. This has laid foundation for its exploratory application in the study of gas reservoir forming history and the gas-source correlation, which indicates the research and application prospects in this orientation.  相似文献   

草地退化的地质指标体系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王轶  李瑞敏  王祎萍  曹峰  徐为 《地质通报》2011,30(11):1744-1751

借鉴国际地质指标工作组提出的地质指标概念,从分析草地退化的各种影响因素及其对演化过程的控制作用, 以及草地生态系统退化过程中的各种响应关系入手,按照“影响-状态-后果模型”（CSR模型）和“压力-状态-响应 模型”（PSR模型）构建了草地退化地质指标体系。  相似文献   

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000405   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jean de la Paix Mupenzi  Lanhai Li  Jiwen Ge  Achal Varenyam  Gabriel Habiyaremye  Nzayisenga Theoneste  Kamanzi Emmanuel 《地学前缘(英文版)》2011,2(4):599-607

This study has focused on the processes of soil degradation and chemical element concentration in tea-growing regions of Rwanda, Africa. Soil degradation accelerated by erosion is caused not only by topography but also by human activities. This soil degradation involves both the physical loss and reduction in the amount of topsoil associated with nutrient decline. Soil samples were collected from eleven tropical zones in Rwanda and from variable depth within each collecting site. Of these, Samples from three locations in each zone were analyzed in the laboratory, with the result that the pH of all soil samples is shown to be less than 5 (pH < 5) with a general average of 4.4. The elements such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) are present in high concentration levels. In contrast calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) are present at low-level concentrations and carbon (C) was found in minimal concentrations. In addition, elements derived from fertilizers, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) which is also from minerals such as feldspar, are also present in low-level concentrations. The results indicate that the soil in certain Rwandan tea plantations is acidic and that this level of pH may help explain, in addition to natural factors, the deficiency of some elements such as Ca, Mg, P and N. The use of chemical fertilizers, land use system and the location of fields relative to household plots are also considered to help explain why tea plantation soils are typically degraded.  相似文献   

Kinetic simulation of hydrocarbon generation from lacustrine type I kerogen from the Songliao Basin: Model comparison and geological application     

Wang Min  Lu Shuang-fangXue Hai-tao 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2011,28(9):1714-1726

Eight lacustrine Type I kerogen samples from the Songliao Basin were pyrolyzed using the Rock-Eval equipment, and parallel first-order reaction models including the model with a single frequency factor and a discrete distribution of activation energies (SFF model) and the model with multiple frequency factors and a discrete distribution of activation energies (MFF model) were adopted to analyze kinetic characteristics of hydrocarbon generation of the Type I kerogen samples. The results show that the MFF and SFF models can satisfactory simulate hydrocarbon generation under laboratory conditions and the Type I kerogen shows relatively concentrated activation energy distributions (activation energies of MFF model range from 190 kJ/mol to 250 kJ/mol, activation energies of SFF model range from 220 kJ/mol to 240 kJ/mol), which indicates a homogeneous chemical bond structure of the Type I kerogen. The hydrocarbon generated curves from Type I kerogen were calculated by using the two models with a linear heating rate (3.3 K/Ma). It indicates that the hydrocarbon generation potentials (reaction fractions) are underestimated by using the SFF model during the kerogen thermal degradation for the components with chemical bond of lower and higher activation energies, while this problem can be avoided by using the MFF model. The calculated temperatures for 50% transformation ratio (TR) of all samples differ by as much as 20 °C. For the SFF model, the hydrocarbon generation curve obtained by using the weighted averaged kinetic parameters and the SFF model almost includes every curve calculated by using its own kinetic parameters. While the curve obtained by using the weighted averaged kinetic parameters and the MFF model cannot include every curve for all samples, it lies at the position of the averaged curve of all samples. The application of the MFF model in Songliao Basin shows that if TR 10% is taken as the onset of hydrocarbon generation, the threshold depth of hydrocarbon generation is about 1700 m, which is consistent with other geochemical parameters, such as S₁/TOC, S₁/(S₁ + S₂) and HC/TOC.  相似文献